My lettuce has gone to seed. If I were to plant new seeds now, would the lettuce be ready to eat in a reasonable time?
There's plenty of time to sow lettuce seeds of any type to get a late summer or fall crop. You can sow loose leaf types as late as early September.
Caution! Lettuces prefer cooler temperatures for lush and tasty crop. During the summer heat lettuce often bolts very quickly and does not produce expected harvest.
Here in the Vancouver area of Canada the temperatures stay cool enough during the summer to grow lettuce all summer long. It will bolt pretty quickly during the hotter spells, but you can still get a worthwhile crop. Any lettuce planted now will be maturing during the cooler days of September or October. You can also plant lettuce on the north side of taller plantings like tomatoes or corn for some shade during the hottest part of the day.