The herb is Carex sp. Judging by its large perigynia (fruit-containing shell), this might be Carex grayi or Carex intumescens or something else.
Not those two in France! Best match I can find is Carex lepidocarpa, but there are several other very similar species in the Carex flava group.
Michael, do you know why can't I find Carex lepidocarpa in the Kew database? Does it have another name? http://apps.kew.org/wcsp
I'm curious about #2, already ID'd as Ailanthus...By what characteristic (aside from tending to ailanthus based on commonality) would we distinguish this from Toona sinensis, given the similarity in leaf: Bark? Seed capsules? At a glance, I always have trouble distinguishing between the two.