Hi! I live in Hawaii, and recently came across a field of some kind of Paulownia species being cultivated in a large field (there were over a hundred individuals.) I tried keying it out in the Flora of China, but didn't get very far. The link to my photos is here. The young leaves and pods are covered in branched hairs. Let me know if you need any more descriptions...
You show all the parts except flowers. Was that why the key did not work for you, not having flowers? Otherwise, maybe they are hybrids.
The idea that they are hybrids did occur to me... does Paulownia commonly hybridize? Does anyone know of a Paulownia expert I could contact to get more information on this?
Yes, hybridization of cultivated stock is thought to occur. There was an illustrated monograph, with keys online at one time. Don't know if this became absorbed into eFloras Flora of China or not. Have not looked at it for some years.