Identification: 3 lichens, New Jersey and Europe

Hello, any help Identifying these lichens would be graeatly appreciated. Even if only to family or other general taxa.

1. On a rock at 8,000 feet in Italian Alps
http://www.pbase.com/mshields/image/83714666

2. On a shady rock-side in northern New Jersey.
http://www.pbase.com/mshields/image/83714671

3. On an exposed rocky outcrop, northern New Jersey.
http://www.pbase.com/mshields/image/83714672

Thanks for any help!
MShields

 

#2 might be a species of Peltigera or Parmelia.

Don't know the other two, though they both look 'familiar' (i.e., I've seen similar lichens but don't know their names either).

 

I think that #2 is a species of Dermatocarpon. #3 might be Xanthoparmelia, but that's just a guess.

 

1) Rhizocarpon sp.
2) Umbilicaria hirsuta

Harri Harmaja
http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/harmaja/index.htm